Flatworms, or platyhelminths, comprise a diverse and ancient branch of invertebrate evolution, numbering over twenty thousand known species across the globe.
Most are hermaphroditic, capable of producing both eggs and sperm, and many inhabit shallow marine waters or freshwater environments.
While some flatworms are infamous parasites, many are free-living predators or scavengers, renowned for their adaptability and evolutionary significance.
Historically, ocean-dwelling flatworms have been documented in tropical coral reefs and coastal areas, rarely venturing beyond the reach of sunlight.
Prior to this discovery, the deepest confirmed free-living flatworm was observed at just over three thousand meters, far shallower than the newly recovered specimens.
Occasional flatworm remains found on sunken wood suggested possible deeper habitats, but ambiguity about their true origin persisted.
The existence of flatworms in the abyssal zone, under pressures hundreds of times greater than at the surface, was considered highly unlikely.
This longstanding assumption was now challenged by the discovery of black, leathery cocoons filled with developing flatworm embryos nearly four miles down.
It raised the question of how these fragile creatures could adapt and reproduce in an environment so different from their evolutionary comfort zone.
As researchers delved deeper, they began to realize that the answers might overturn conventional wisdom about the boundaries of life in Earth’s most hostile habitats.
Still, much about their life cycles, development, and even their ultimate origin remained enigmatic.